COUNTRIES THAT VOTED AGAINST

COUNTRIES THAT VOTED AGAINST (3) The United States, Israel, and the Marshall Islands.
COUNTRIES THAT ABSTAINED (2) Micronesia and Morocco.
COUNTRIES ABSENT FROM THE VOTE El Salvador, Iraq (indebted), Kuwait, Liberia (indebted), Nicaragua, Palau and Uzbekistan.

GRANMA INTERNATIONAL

GRANMA INTERNATIONAL
Havana. November 5, 2003
Result of the vote COUNTRIES THAT SUPPORTED THE CUBAN RESOLUTION (179
NORTH AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST Algeria, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Egypt, United Arab Emirates, Iran, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Oman, Qatar, Syria, Tunisia, Yemen.
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cape Verde Islands, Cameroon, Chad, Comoro Islands, Congo, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Guinea Equatorial, Kenya, Lesotho, Mali, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Ivory Coast, Madagascar, Malawi, Niger, and the Central African Republic.
LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, the Bahamas, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Chile, Dominica, Ecuador, Granada, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Haiti, Jamaica, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Dominican Republic, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Surinam, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay and Venezuela.
ASIA AND OCEANIA Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, Cambodia, China, Fiji, the Philippines, India, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, the Maldives, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nauru, Nepal, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, PDR Korea, South Korea, Samoa, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, East Timor, Tonga, Tuvalu, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Viet Nam, Kiribati, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakstan, and Kyrgystan.
EUROPE AND OTHER STATES Andorra, Australia, Austria, Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Georgia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Greece, Hungary, the Netherlands, Ireland, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Lithuania, Malta, Monaco, Macedonia, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Poland, United Kingdom, San Marino, Germany, Spain, Turkey, Moldavia, Romania, Russia, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, and Ukraine.

EXPRESS SUPPORT FOR THE CUBAN RESOLUTION

EXPRESS SUPPORT FOR THE CUBAN RESOLUTION Cuba received the express support of important groups of countries for its demand for an end to the blockade. When the General Assembly session on the issue was opened, the Mexican representative was the first to speak in favor of the anti-blockade resolution.
In succession so did Morocco, on behalf of the Group of 77 plus China; Jamaica, for the Caribbean Community (CARICOM); and Malaysia, which presides over the Non-Aligned Movement.
Each of them firmly expressed their opposition to the prolonged policy of harassment in violation of the UN Charter, international law and freedom of trade and navigation.
Viet Nam referred to interference in the sovereignty of states and the non-justification of a blockade that has been unable to force Cubans to give up their efforts to construct a more just society.
After Foreign Minister Felipe Pérez Roque`s speech, received with an ovation, representatives from other countries added their words of support to the resolution presented by Cuba.
The first to do so was the Namibian representative, who maintained that the application of that policy of hostility constitutes an obstacle to the millennium development goals.
South Africa lamented that the issue had to be discussed yet again, despite reiterated calls from the international community to the United States and stated that it was no surprise that the overwhelming majority continues to support the resolution under debate.
For his part the Tanzanian speaker spoke of the violations to freedom of trade and how this has worsened with the Torricelli and Helms-Burton Acts, which have caused fresh damage to the Cuban economy and that of third countries.
Venezuela shared the general condemnation of the U.S. measures, which constitute a flagrant violation of Cubans' human rights. It called on the General Assembly to adopt measures to repeal legislation such as the Torricelli and Helms-Burton Acts.
Sudan reiterated the right of nations to their self-determination and urged a rejection of any attempt to impose unilateral decisions against states.
Iran called on the international community to demand an end to the blockade and to prevent the utilization of food and medicine as instruments of political pressure.
Guinea noted how the continuity of the proposal in the UN symbolizes cohesive world opposition to the U.S. hostile measures against Cuba.
The representatives of Zambia, Zimbabwe, Myanmar, Syria, Indonesia and Laos spoke in similar terms. Given the number of countries that had asked to speak and the length of the debate, the president of the General Assembly decided to move to an immediate vote on the resolution.

179 countries vote against the blockade of Cuba in the UN

GRANMA INTERNATIONAL
November 05, 2003

179 countries vote against the blockade of Cuba in the UN. Only three votes against the resolution presented by the island: the United States, Israel and the Marshall Islands UNITED NATIONS (PL).˜

The UN General Assembly voted by an overwhelming majority this November 4 to end the economic, commercial and financial blockade imposed on Cuba by the United States.
A resolution adopted here in that respect obtained the record total of 179 votes in favor, just the United States, Israel and the Marshall Islands against, and only two abstentions.
The vote recalls declarations made by the heads of state and government at Ibero-American Summits in relation to the need to eliminate the unilateral application of measures of an economic and commercial nature affecting the unfettered development of international trade.
It also expresses concern at the continued promulgation and application of laws and regulations such as the U.S. Helm-Burton Act that affect the sovereignty of other states, the legitimate interests of entities and persons under their jurisdiction, and freedom of trade and navigation.
In consequence it reiterates its exhortation on all states to abstain from undertaking actions of this kind, and urges the most rapid repeal or annulment possible of those in existence.
The UN secretary general is asked to prepare a report on the present resolution "in the light of the aims and principles of the organization's Charter and international law for presentation to the General Assembly in its next period of sessions." In that way the issue remains on the program of debates for next year as a question of constant interest.

The war Nationalism

• Many political scientists believe that the First World War might have been avoided. 

• One of the major under laying causes for the war was nationalism.

• Nationalism acquired decided by aggressive characteristics.

• Patriotism was taught and glorified as the ideal in, churches, schools and other cultural activities.

• National animosity and racism was dangerous in shape.

• Pan- Germanism     • Pan – Slavism.

Economic Nationalism

• The fight for the raw materials and for world markets furnished one of the most important causes for international disputes.

Armaments

• In 1914, France and Russia had 22, 39,000 men under arms The central powers, excluding Italy, had 1,23,9,000 men ready for service. In addition, Russia and France had 50,70,000 trained reserves.

• Germany and Austria had 33,58,000 ready for the call.

• Great expenses in military budgets.

The struggle become a world war

• A garrison of German army first entered into Belgium and crossed over to France. Italy broke from the central powers for the sake of territorial gains. Japan declared war against Germans with the hope to obtain the German colonies in the orient.

• Turkey, fearing Russia joined the central powers. The war dragged on four years. The Germans were told that if they would depose the Kaiser and set up a representative government there would be no further clams against them. Central powers lost and the allies won and an armistice signed on Novll, 1918.

The Paris conference

• First session held on Jan18, 1919. Emphasis was on democracy in 14 points proposed on (Jan 8, 1918)

• Gradual development .

The triple entente

• When Bismarck was forced out of the chancellorship, the men who were appointed to take his place did not have the slightest idea of the character or the diplomatic structure that he built.

• Germans considered France and Russia as common enemy. With this basis, they formed the Dual entente

In (1892), which was the first step in building up the triple entente.

• In 1904, England and France forgot their 200 years of enmity and formed the Anglo – French entente cordiale.

• In 1904, alliances existed between France and Russia and between France and England. In 1907, England and Russia allied.

Crises:

• Both the alliances were antagonistic from almost every point of view. The powers grouped themselves together to promote their enemies.

• Between 1904- 1914, there was a series of crises, the last one being the assassination of the Archduke Ferdinand in Austria. This brought about general motivation, mobilization and outbreak of hostilities.

• The first Moroccan Crisis (1905) arose from an effort of Germany to curb French expansion in Africa. France had backup support from Russia and England and Germany was forced to retreat. In this crisis the triple entente held together. But Germany did not get support from either Austria or Italy.

France and England made military treaty to oppose the Germans one for another. Second crisis was caused by Austria in the “annexation of Bosnia” in 1908.

• The third crisis was that of Agadir (1911), in which morocco was the issue again. Germany made the final attempt to keep the French out but failed.

• Fourth crisis was the breakup of Balkan war in 1912.